Operations Overview

VIZ Ledger operations are the atomic state-changing actions included in transactions. Every operation is serialized as a 2-element array [type_id, object] inside a signed transaction.

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Regular Operations

These are user-initiated operations that can be broadcast to the network.

ID	Operation	Auth level	Reference
0	vote_operation (deprecated)	regular	Content
1	content_operation (deprecated)	regular	Content
2	transfer_operation	active (VIZ) / master (SHARES)	Transfers
3	transfer_to_vesting_operation	active	Transfers
4	withdraw_vesting_operation	active	Transfers
5	account_update_operation	master / active	Accounts
6	validator_update_operation	active	Validators
7	account_validator_vote_operation	active	Validators
8	account_validator_proxy_operation	active	Validators
9	delete_content_operation (deprecated)	regular	Content
10	custom_operation	active / regular	Content
11	set_withdraw_vesting_route_operation	active	Transfers
12	request_account_recovery_operation	active	Recovery
13	recover_account_operation	master (×2)	Recovery
14	change_recovery_account_operation	master	Recovery
15	escrow_transfer_operation	active	Escrow
16	escrow_dispute_operation	active	Escrow
17	escrow_release_operation	active	Escrow
18	escrow_approve_operation	active	Escrow
19	delegate_vesting_shares_operation	active	Transfers
20	account_create_operation	active	Accounts
21	account_metadata_operation	regular	Accounts
22	proposal_create_operation	active	Proposals
23	proposal_update_operation	varies	Proposals
24	proposal_delete_operation	active	Proposals
25	chain_properties_update_operation	active	Validators
35	committee_worker_create_request_operation	regular	Committee
36	committee_worker_cancel_request_operation	regular	Committee
37	committee_vote_request_operation	regular	Committee
43	create_invite_operation	active	Invites
44	claim_invite_balance_operation	active	Invites
45	invite_registration_operation	active	Invites
46	versioned_chain_properties_update_operation	active	Validators
47	award_operation	regular	Awards
50	set_paid_subscription_operation	active	Subscriptions
51	paid_subscribe_operation	active	Subscriptions
54	set_account_price_operation	master	Account Market
55	set_subaccount_price_operation	master	Account Market
56	buy_account_operation	active	Account Market
58	use_invite_balance_operation	active	Invites
60	fixed_award_operation	regular	Awards
61	target_account_sale_operation	master	Account Market

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Virtual Operations

Virtual operations are generated by the blockchain itself during block processing. They are never broadcast by users — they appear in account history and block data for informational purposes only.

ID	Operation	Trigger	Reference
26	author_reward_operation	Content payout	Virtual Ops
27	curation_reward_operation	Content payout	Virtual Ops
28	content_reward_operation	Content payout	Virtual Ops
29	fill_vesting_withdraw_operation	Withdrawal interval fires	Virtual Ops
30	shutdown_validator_operation	Validator deactivated	Virtual Ops
31	hardfork_operation	Hardfork activation	Virtual Ops
32	content_payout_update_operation	Content payout update	Virtual Ops
33	content_benefactor_reward_operation	Content payout	Virtual Ops
34	return_vesting_delegation_operation	Delegation return window ends	Virtual Ops
38	committee_cancel_request_operation	Committee request expires	Virtual Ops
39	committee_approve_request_operation	Committee request approved	Virtual Ops
40	committee_payout_request_operation	Committee payout processed	Virtual Ops
41	committee_pay_request_operation	Committee worker paid	Virtual Ops
42	validator_reward_operation	Block produced	Virtual Ops
48	receive_award_operation	Award received	Virtual Ops
49	benefactor_award_operation	Award with beneficiary	Virtual Ops
52	paid_subscription_action_operation	Subscription payment	Virtual Ops
53	cancel_paid_subscription_operation	Subscription cancelled/expired	Virtual Ops
57	account_sale_operation	Account sold	Virtual Ops
59	expire_escrow_ratification_operation	Escrow deadline missed	Virtual Ops
62	bid_operation	Auction bid placed	Virtual Ops
63	outbid_operation	Auction outbid	Virtual Ops

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Transaction Construction

{
  "ref_block_num": 12345,
  "ref_block_prefix": 678901234,
  "expiration": "2024-01-15T12:01:00",
  "operations": [
    [2, { "from": "alice", "to": "bob", "amount": "1.000 VIZ", "memo": "" }]
  ],
  "extensions": [],
  "signatures": ["1f2a3b..."]
}

• ref_block_num = head_block_number & 0xFFFF
• ref_block_prefix = bytes 4–7 of block_id as little-endian uint32
• expiration = current UTC time + TTL (max recommended: 60 seconds)
• Sign: sha256(chain_id || serialized_tx) → compact secp256k1 ECDSA signature

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See also: Data Types, Virtual Operations, JSON-RPC API.